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The word cockroach is stemmed from the Spanish cucaracha. The cockroach is characterized by a flattened oval body, long hairlike antennae, and a shining black or brown leathery integument. The head is bent downward, and the mouthparts are pointed backward instead of forward or downward as is the case with the majority of other insects. The male usually has two pairs of wings, whereas the female, who in some species, is wingless or has vestigial wings. The female creates eggs in egg cases (called oothecae). These are occasionally held coming out from her body or could be stuck in protected places. After the female generates an egg case, the soft, white nymphs emerge. As their exoskeleton solidifies, it turns brown in hue. The structure and large size (certain species demonstrate a wingspread measurement of upwards of 12 cm [4.7 inches]) of cockroaches have become a singular objective in the biological laboratory.

The cockroach enjoys a warm, humid, dark living environment and is generally thriving in tropical or other mild temperatures. Only a couple of species have become pests. The insect harms more material than it consumes and emits a disagreeable smell. The eating habits of the roach, which includes both plant and animal produce, ranges from food, paper, clothing, and books to dead insects, particularly bedbugs. Insecticides are utilized in roach removal.

The American cockroach (species Periplaneta americana) is 30 to 50 mm long (up to about 2 inches), reddish brown, and lives outdoors or in dark, heated indoor places (e.g., basements and furnace rooms). In its adult life, generally about 1.5 years, the female creates 50 or more oothecae, each containing about 16 eggs that hatch after 45 days. Nymphal life lasts from 11 to 14 months. The American cockroach, a native of tropical and subtropical America, has well-developed wings. However, most species are often not great flyers.

The German cockroach (Blattella germanica), a common pest in households and on occasion erroneously thought of as a waterbug, is light brown with two dark stripes on the prothoracic area. The female produces the ootheca three days after mating and carries it for about 20 days. Because it is small in size (about 12 mm [less than 0.5 inch] long), this cockroach generally is introduced into houses in grocery bags and boxes; it has been taken from nation to nation by ship. Three or more generations might live yearly. This cockroach, found in abundance around the water pipes of the Croton Aqueduct in New York City, has become called the Croton bug.

The brown-banded cockroach (Supella supellectilium) is similar to the German cockroach but is even smaller. The male possesses totally developed wings and is paler in colour than the female, whose wings are stunted and nonfunctional. Both sexes have two light-coloured bands over the back. The adult life span is about 200 days, and there may be two generations annually. Eggs may be dropped in clothes, wood molding, or cracks in the floor. With the innovation of heated buildings this cockroach became more common in cooler locations.

The Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) is thought of as one of the filthiest of household pests. It is oval, shiny black or dark brown, 25 to 30 mm (1 to 1.2 inches) long, with a life cycle like that of the American cockroach. The male has short, fully developed wings, while the female possesses vestigial wings. This cockroach has been spread in vehicles of trade from its Asiatic origins to almost every temperate regions.

Wood roaches are non-domestic pests. Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, the common wood cockroach, is found under logs and stones in northern latitudes. The male and female are so varied in appearance that they were initially believed to be different species. The male, 15 to 25 mm (0.6 to 1 inch) long, possesses wings that go past the abdomen; the female is smaller and has much shorter wings. Cryptocercus punctulatus eats wood with the help of some protozoans in its digestive tract.

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